Internet je nazvan^(Internet) najvažnijim izumom u povijesti čovječanstva. Još smo u ranim danima ove globalne računalne mreže, ali ona već mijenja sve u vezi s našim radom i životom.

Da nije bilo interneta^(Internet) , vjerojatno ne biste ovo sada čitali. Međutim, koliko zapravo znate o tome kada je internet izumljen? Čak i ako ste dovoljno stari da ste sve to proživjeli, velik dio ove nevjerojatne priče u to vrijeme nije bio poznat. 

Pa prošetajmo kroz razvoj ovog fantastičnog izuma i usput pokupimo neke nevjerojatne činjenice.

Internet je "izmišljen" kao vojni projekt ^{(The Internet Was “Invented” as a Military Project )}

Iako ljudi misle o internetu kao o stvari koja im donosi meme i Netflix , izmišljen je iz iznimno ozbiljnih razloga – prijetnje nuklearnim ratom. Zabrinutost je bila da bi jedna bomba mogla prekinuti komunikaciju u cijeloj zemlji. Dakle, sustav koji bi mogao nastaviti raditi čak i ako su veliki dijelovi bili onemogućeni bio je prilično visok prioritet.

Znanstvenik po imenu JCR . Licklider koji je radio za MIT i ARPA (sada se zove DARPA ) došao je na ideju za “Galaktičku mrežu” koja bi mogla nastaviti raditi čak i ako su veliki dijelovi uništeni. ARPA- i se ova ideja jako svidjela! Dakle, možete im zahvaliti što su uopće pokrenuli cijelu internetsku loptu.

Informacije na Internetu dolaze u paketima^{(Information On The Internet Comes In Packets)}

Kada gledate Netflix video ili pošaljete e-poruku, sve te informacije su razbijene u mnoštvo sićušnih paketa informacija. Svaki od njih se samostalno šalje preko paukove mreže koja čini internet, a zatim se ponovno sastavlja na drugom kraju, tako da primatelj može razumjeti poruku.

Ovo je temeljni dio načina na koji internet funkcionira i to je i razlog zašto može izdržati prekide. Ako neki paketi ne uspiju, mogu se ponovno poslati. Ako je jedan put kroz mrežu blokiran, paketi jednostavno preuzimaju drugi usmjerivač.

Ova metoda je poznata kao "prebacivanje paketa". Izumljen je 1965., samo tri godine nakon što je Licklider došao na svoju ideju za Galaxy Network . Međutim, ta je mreža umjesto toga nazvana "ARPANET", a prebacivanje paketa to je omogućilo.

Prva internetska poruka bila je "LO"^{(The First Internet Message Was “LO”)}

LO? Zašto bi to bila prva poruka poslana preko ARPANET-a^(ARPANET) ? Zapravo ^(Well) ,^{(actually, )} poruka je trebala glasiti "LOGIN", ali samo su prva dva slova stigla do računala primatelja. 

Ta dva povijesna pisma doputovala su od UCLA do Stanforda^(Stanford) 29. listopada^(October) 1969. Samo nekoliko mjeseci nakon što je Neil Armstrong kročio na Mjesec^(Moon) .

Godine 1969. Internet se sastojao od samo 4 računala^{(In 1969 The Internet Consisted Of Just 4 Computers)}

Istina je, ARPANET je imao samo četiri međusobno povezana računala. Danas otprilike polovica ljudi na planetu ima pristup internetu, s više od jednog uređaja po osobi koji se povezuje na ovu globalnu mrežu. Prešli smo dug put.

“Internet” je skraćenica od “Internetwork”^{(“Internet” Is Short For “Internetwork”)}

OK, ARPANET zapravo još nije bio internet. Riječ "internet" je skraćenica za "internet". Drugim riječima, internet je jednostavno mreža mreža. 

Onoj prvoj šačici računala brzo su se pridružili drugi ljudi koji su htjeli ući u zabavu. Problem je bio u tome što nitko zapravo nije znao kako upravljati prometom s toliko potencijalnih računala odjednom. Prebacivanje paketa^(Packet) bio je pravi pristup, ali postoji više od jednog načina za prebacivanje paketa. 

Bila je to najteža prometna gužva na svijetu, pa kako je riješena?

Internet ima svoj "jezik"^{(The Internet Has Its Own “Language”)}

Kako bi riješio ovaj problem, drugi pametni znanstvenik po imenu Vinton Cerf smislio je protokol koji je maštovito nazvao Transmission Control Protocol . Ovo je u osnovi poput jezika koji internetski uređaji koriste da međusobno razgovaraju. 

Cerf nije obavljen i uparen je TCP s IP ili internetskim protokolom. Zbog^(Which) toga često čujete izraz " TCP/IP ". 

U kombinaciji, ova dva protokola diktiraju pravila koja internet koristi za slanje paketa diljem svijeta. Vrlo je pametan i nešto što veličine interneta ne bi bilo moguće bez njega.

Web je izumljen 1991^{(The Web Was Invented In 1991)}

Jeste^(Did) li znali da ste trenutno na "webu"? Svijet u cjelini prvi je doticao s internetom putem World Wide Weba^{(World Wide Web)} . To je "WWW" koji je nekada bio na početku adresa web stranica.

Web je stvorio trajni informacijski resurs, smješten na računalima pod nazivom "poslužitelji" koji ostaju trajno povezani . ^(Web)Odjednom je internet postao način na koji znanstvenici i drugi ljudi koji rade važan posao dijele informacije u sustav koji bi svatko smatrao korisnim.

Web je izumio fizičar Tim Berners-Lee , koji je izumio jezik "hiperteksta" na kojem je web izgrađen, kako bi pomogao znanstvenicima da podijele svoja istraživanja . ^(Web)Ako ga želite posjetiti, prijeđite na njegov Twitter račun^{(Twitter account)} . 

Zapravo, to je Sir Berners-Lee za nas ostale, budući da je čak i kraljici^(Queen) dovoljno voljela Web da ga počasti^{(knight him)} .

Web i internet su različite stvari^{(The Web & The Internet Are Different Things)}

Mnogi ljudi brkaju World Wide Web , gdje posjećujete web stranice, sa samim internetom^(Internet) . Kao što sada znate iz onoga što smo vidjeli gore, internet je izmišljen mnogo prije nego što su web stranice postojale. 

Web je zapravo jedna aplikacija koja radi na internetu. Sam internet su sva računala, mrežni hardver i uređaji povezani s internetom uzeti kao cjelina. Zajedno s protokolima koji im govore kako da razgovaraju jedni s drugima. 

Postoji mnogo drugih stvari koje se vrte i po internetu. Zapravo, većina stvari koje rade na internetu uopće nisu web.

Google je izgrađen na jednom jednostavnom rješenju^{(Google Was Built On One Simple Solution)}

Iako je web sjajan, pronalaženje stvari na webu nije bilo lako u ranim danima. Osim ako niste znali točnu web-adresu, morali ste koristiti tražilicu, ali prve tražilice nisu bile ništa poput Googlea^(Google) ili Binga^(Bing) .

Pa što je Google učinilo tako posebnim? U to vrijeme tražilice su web stranice koje su imale mnogo ponavljanja pojma za pretraživanje^(Search) u osnovi smatrale najrelevantnijim i najvažnijim. To je dovelo do mnogo prilično groznih rezultata.

Googleov prvi veliki izum bio je “PageRank”. Osnivači, Larry Page i Sergey Brin , shvatili su da ako rangirate stranice prema broju drugih stranica povezanih s njima, najčešće ćete na vrhu popisa doći do najvažnijih i relevantnih stranica.

Danas je Google razvio PageRank u nešto mnogo sofisticiranije, ali ta ga je velika ideja ugradila u ogromnu internet tvrtku kakva je danas.

PageRank je nazvan po Larryju Page^{(PageRank Is Named After Larry Page)}

Totalna je koincidencija da PageRank rangira web stranice. Zapravo je nazvan po suosnivaču Googlea Larryju Pageu^{(Google co-founder Larry Page)} .

Čak i hladnjaci i televizori sada mogu koristiti internet^{(Even Fridges & TVs Can Use the Internet Now)}

Danas internet ne koriste samo ljudi koji sjede za računalima. Sada imamo nešto poznato kao Internet stvari (IoT).

Ovo je zbirka svakodnevnih uređaja kao što su automobili, kuhinjski aparati i bilo što drugo što vam padne na pamet, a koji imaju ugrađene internetske veze. Mogu dijeliti informacije jedni s drugima i svijetom, tako da vaš hladnjak može naručiti više mlijeka kada počne raditi nisko. 

Još su rani dani za IoT , ali vaš sljedeći uređaj mogao bi doći s više pameti nego što očekujete.

When Was The Internet Invented? 10 Facts You Probably Didn’t Know

The Internet has been called the most important inventіon in the historу of mankind. We are still in the early days of thiѕ global compυter network, but it’s already changing еverything about how we work and live.

If it wasn’t for the Internet, you probably wouldn’t be reading this right now. However, how much do you actually know about when the Internet was invented? Even if you’re old enough to have lived through it all, much of this amazing story wasn’t known at the time. 

So let’s take a walk through the development of this fantastic invention and pick up some amazing facts along the way.

The Internet Was “Invented” as a Military Project 

Although people think of the internet as the thing that brings them memes and Netflix, it was invented for extremely serious reasons – the threat of nuclear war. The worry was that a single bomb could cut off communications throughout the country. So a system that could keep working even if large parts of it were disabled was a pretty high priority.

A scientist named J.C.R. Licklider who worked for MIT and ARPA (now called DARPA) came up with an idea for a “Galactic Network” which could keep working even if large parts of it were destroyed. ARPA liked this idea very much! So you can thank them for getting the whole internet ball rolling in the first place.

Information On The Internet Comes In Packets

When you watch a Netflix video or send an email, all that information is broken up into a multitude of tiny info packets. These are each sent independently across the spider’s web that makes up the internet and then reassembled on the other end, so that the receiver can make sense of the message.

This is a fundamental part of how the internet works and it’s also why it can withstand disruption. If some packets don’t make it, they can be sent again. If one path through the network is blocked, the packets simply take another router.

This method is known as “packet switching”. It was invented in 1965, a mere three years after Licklider came up with his Galaxy Network idea. However, that network ended up being named “ARPANET” instead and packet switching made it possible.

The First Internet Message Was “LO”

LO? Why would that be the first message sent over ARPANET? Well actually, the message was meant to read “LOGIN”, but only the first two letters made it to the receiving computer. 

Those two historic letters made the journey from UCLA to Stanford on 29 October, 1969. Just a few months after Neil Armstrong stepped foot on the Moon.

In 1969 The Internet Consisted Of Just 4 Computers

It’s true, ARPANET only had four computers connected to each other. Today, about half the people on the planet have internet access, with more than one device per person connecting to this global network. We’ve come a long way.

“Internet” Is Short For “Internetwork”

OK, ARPANET wasn’t really the internet yet. The word “internet” is short for “internetwork”. In other words, the internet is simply a network of networks. 

Those first handful of computers were quickly joined by other people who wanted to get in on the party. The problem was that no one really knew how to handle the traffic from so many potential computers all at once. Packet switching was the right approach, but there’s more than one way to switch a packet. 

It was the world’s toughest traffic jam, so how was it solved?

The Internet Has Its Own “Language”

To solve this problem, another brainy scientist by the name of Vinton Cerf came up with a protocol he imaginatively named the Transmission Control Protocol. This is basically like a language internet devices use to speak to each other. 

Cerf wasn’t done and paired TCP with IP or internet protocol. Which is why you often hear the term “TCP/IP”. 

Combined, these two protocols dictate the rules that the internet uses to send packets all over the world. It’s very clever and something the size of the internet wouldn’t be manageable without it.

The Web Was Invented In 1991

Did you know you’re on the “Web” right now? The world as a whole had its first contact with the internet through the World Wide Web. That’s the “WWW” that used to go at the start of website addresses.

The Web created a persistent information resource, hosted on computers called “servers” that stay connected permanently. Suddenly the internet went from a way for scientists and other people doing important work to share information, to a system everyone would find useful.

The Web was invented by a physicist called Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the “hypertext” language the web is built on, to help scientists share their research. If you want to give him a visit head over to his Twitter account. 

Actually, that’s Sir Berners-Lee to the rest of us, since even the Queen liked the Web enough to knight him.

The Web & The Internet Are Different Things

Lots of people confuse the World Wide Web, where you visit websites, with the Internet itself. As you now know from what we’ve seen above, the internet was invented long before websites existed. 

The web is actually one application that runs on the internet. The internet itself is all the computers, network hardware and internet-connected devices taken as a whole. Along with the protocols that tell them how to talk to each other. 

There are plenty of other things that run over the internet as well. In fact, most things that run on the internet are not the web at all.

Google Was Built On One Simple Solution

While the Web is great, finding stuff on the web wasn’t very easy in the early days. Unless you knew the exact web address, you had to use a search engine, but the first search engines weren’t anything like Google or Bing.

So what made Google so special? Search engines at the time basically considered web pages that had many repeats of the search term as most relevant and important. That lead to lots of pretty awful results.

Google’s first great invention was “PageRank”. The founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, figured out that if you ranked pages according to how many other pages linked to them, you’d most often come up with the most important and relevant pages at the top of the list.

Today, Google has developed PageRank into something much more sophisticated, but that one big idea built it into the massive internet company it is today.

PageRank Is Named After Larry Page

It’s a total coincidence that PageRank ranks web pages. It’s actually named after Google co-founder Larry Page.

Even Fridges & TVs Can Use the Internet Now

Today, the internet isn’t just used by people sitting at computers. We now have something known as the Internet of Things (IoT).

This is a collection of everyday devices such as cars, kitchen appliances and anything else you can think of that have internet connections built in. They can share information with each other and the world, so your fridge can order more milk when it starts to run low. 

It’s still early days for IoT, but your next appliance might well come with more smarts than you expect.

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